Development of parenting behavior scale for caregivers of children aged 2 to 6 years and analysis for its reliability and validity / 中华预防医学杂志

To develop a caregiver parenting behavior scale for children aged 2 to 6 years, and to verify its reliability and validity. This study recruited 1 350 caregivers of children aged 2 to 6 years. The item discrimination analysis and exploratory factor analysis were used to analyze the structure, dimensions and items of the scale. Homogeneity reliability, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were used to analyze the reliability of the scale. Content validity and construct validity were used to analyze the validity of the scale. The results showed that the final scale contained 7 dimensions and 45 items. Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.945; the coefficient of split half was 0.899; the test-retest reliability analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between the two tests were 0.893 (total score), 0.854 (social), 0.832 (language), 0.871 (gross motor), 0.893 (fine motor), 0.862 (cognitive), 0.832 (self-care), and 0.872 (sensory). The content validity analysis was carried out by two rounds of expert argumentation using Delphi expert consultation method. The Kendall coefficient of the items score in two rounds of Delphi expert consultation was 0.813 (P<0.01). The structure validity analysis showed that there were significant correlations between each dimension and the total scale, also between each dimension of the scale, and the extracted average variance values of each dimension was greater than the correlation coefficients between this dimension and other dimensions. In conclusion, the reliability and validity of the scale are qualified. It can be used as a tool to evaluate and guide the parenting behavior of caregivers of children aged 2 to 6 years.

Relationship between exposure to mobile phones and other electronic products and the ability development in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To identify the relationship between exposure to mobile phones and other electronic products and the ability development in children.Methods:Retrospective study.A total of 218 children aged 0.5-6.0 years presented to the Department of Health Care, Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University form September 2019 to June 2020 for developmental examination were included.Those with nervous system, mental system diseases, endocrine system diseases and premature children were excluded.Their development was evaluated and the information about exposure to mobiles phones and other electronic products were collected. Chi- square test and Fisher′ s exact probability method were used to analyze the relationship between the exposure to mobile phones and other electronic products and the ability development in children.The influencing factors of children′s development in various fields were analyzed by the binary Logistic regression. Results:Abnormal fine movements of children aged 0.5-0.9 years were related to the latest time every night of exposure ( P<0.05). Abnormalities of adaptability, language and social self-care in children aged 1.0-2.9 years and abnormality of language in children aged 3.0-5.9 years were correlated with the number of hours of daily exposure (all P<0.05). Abnormalities of language and social self-care in children aged 1.0-2.9 years and abnormalities of adaptability, language and social self-care in children aged 3.0-5.9 years were correlated with the purposes of exposure (all P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated that the children′s gross motor was affected by the number of hours of daily exposure ( OR=1.868, P<0.05). The children′s fine motor movements were affected by mother′s educational level and the latest time every night of exposure ( OR=1.722, 2.355, all P<0.05). The children′s adaptability was affected by mother′s educational level, child caregivers, the number of hours of daily exposure and the latest time every night of exposure ( OR=1.711, 2.866, 1.895, 1.650, all P<0.05). The children′s speech was affected by the number of hours of daily exposure, the latest time every night of exposure, and the purposes of exposure (telephone or video phone, early education or study)( OR=2.348, 1.806, 0.328/0.350, all P<0.05). The children′s social interaction and self-care delay were affected by mother′s educational level, the number of hours of daily exposure and the purposes of exposure (telephone or video phone, early education or study)( OR=1.647, 2.678, 0.307/0.363, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The adverse effects of exposure to mobile phones and other electronic products on children should be well concerned.The exposure time of developing young children should be strictly controlled to prevent the adverse effects on the nervous system and development in children.For children who were already affected, relevant habits and behaviors should be timely corrected to avoid irreversible damages.